How Does Ammonia Affect Poultry ?

Research on poultry has shown varying results regarding the impact of ammonia levels on productivity. Some studies recommend that ammonia levels should not exceed 25 ppm, while others indicate that prolonged exposure to even 20 ppm can lead to significant health issues, such as weakened immune systems and respiratory damage.

Another study found that when poultry are given a choice between environments with different ammonia levels, they tend to prefer areas with ammonia concentrations below 11 ppm.

Toxic Effects of Ammonia on Poultry

Ammonia is toxic to animals. High concentrations can cause noticeable health problems, including

• Difficulty breathing

• Tracheal irritation

• Airsacculitis (inflammation of air sacs)

• Eye irritation and conjunctivitis

• Multiple combined respiratory symptoms

Even at lower concentrations, ammonia can still have negative effects. Several studies have shown that continuous exposure to 20–25 ppm during the production cycle can

• Increase susceptibility to secondary infections (viral and bacterial)

• Reduce feed efficiency

• Cause tissue damage

In broilers exposed to 20–30 ppm of ammonia for 16–28 days, these negative effects become more pronounced.

Impact on Different Poultry Types

• Turkeys: Studies show that birds exposed to ammonia levels of 10–40 ppm and infected with E. coli had higher bacterial loads in their lungs compared to those not exposed to ammonia.

• Layer chickens: Early exposure to ammonia may cause long-term effects, potentially reducing future egg production. Continuous exposure to high ammonia levels can also directly decrease egg production.

Microscopic and Physiological Effects

At the microscopic level, ammonia exposure can cause:

• Reduced intestinal surface area, affecting nutrient absorption

• Lower resistance to oxidative stress

• Decreased digestive efficiency

• Negative impacts on immune system organs

Even short-term exposure to high ammonia concentrations can be as harmful as long-term exposure to moderate levels.

Ammonia poses serious risks to poultry health, productivity, and welfare. Effective environmental management and ammonia control are essential to ensure optimal performance and reduce disease risks in poultry farming.